The EXISTS operator is used to check for the existence of rows that satisfy a specified condition within a subquery. The EXISTS operator returns a Boolean value (TRUE or FALSE) based on whether the subquery returns any rows. The basic syntax of the EXISTS operator is as follows: SELECT columns FROM table_name WHERE EXISTS (subquery);…

The HAVING clause is used in conjunction with the GROUP BY clause to filter the results of grouped data based on aggregate functions. It allows you to specify conditions that the aggregated values must meet for a group to be included in the result set. The HAVING clause is typically used to filter data after…

The GROUP BY clause is used to group rows from a table based on the values in one or more columns. It’s often used in combination with aggregate functions to perform calculations on groups of rows rather than on individual rows. The GROUP BY clause is typically used with the SELECT statement. Here’s the basic…

The LIKE operator is used to perform pattern matching on string values. It allows you to retrieve rows from a table where a particular column’s value matches a specified pattern. The LIKE operator is commonly used with wildcard characters to perform flexible searches. The basic syntax of the LIKE operator is as follows: SELECT column1,…

The BETWEEN operator is used to filter rows based on a range of values. It’s commonly used to retrieve rows where a particular column’s value falls within a specified range. The syntax of the BETWEEN operator is as follows: SELECT column1, column2, … FROM table_name WHERE column_name BETWEEN value1 AND value2; Here’s an example of…

The IN clause is used to compare a value against a list of values or the result set of a subquery. It’s a way to filter rows based on whether a certain value matches any value in a specified list. The basic syntax of the IN clause is as follows: SELECT column1, column2, … FROM…

The OFFSET clause is used in combination with the LIMIT clause in a SELECT statement to skip a specified number of rows from the beginning of the result set. It’s often used for implementing pagination or retrieving rows beyond the initial result. The basic syntax of using the LIMIT and OFFSET clauses is as follows:…

The LIMIT clause is used in a SELECT statement to restrict the number of rows returned in the result set. It’s particularly useful when you want to retrieve only a specific number of rows from a query result. The basic syntax of using the LIMIT clause is as follows: SELECT column1, column2, … FROM table_name…

The WHERE clause is used in a SELECT statement to filter rows from a table based on a specified condition. It allows you to retrieve only the rows that meet the specified criteria. The basic syntax of using the WHERE clause is as follows: SELECT column1, column2, … FROM table_name WHERE condition; Here’s a breakdown…

The DISTINCT ON clause is used in a SELECT statement to retrieve distinct rows based on the values in specific columns. It allows you to return only the first row for each distinct value combination in the specified columns, effectively removing duplicate combinations. The basic syntax of using the DISTINCT ON clause is as follows:…